STUDENT-DESIGNED INDEPENDENT PROJECT USING THE PROVIDED TEMPLATE Essay - 1

STUDENT-DESIGNED INDEPENDENT PROJECT USING THE PROVIDED TEMPLATE - Essay Example The prime basis of funds for the project will be from own fundraising initiatives. The project will create fundraising plans to solicit financial support from family and friends, local businesses, the local government and from the environmental club that would help in organising the event. The project will require at least one week to two weeks for informing participants about the intended project. Moreover, the project management team will need one month for their prior, during, and post event meetings. Additionally, the project necessitates one week negotiating with partners and support. The most crucial part of the project is obtaining the mandatory funds. Getting the necessary funds will require informed financial initiatives plans. The project will use one week to acquire the necessary funds. The realization of a project depends on the executives, partners, and members proper use of resources. Good resource use is an indicator of the success of a project. If the project never exceeds its initial budget, then it is a success. Likewise, if the project implementation occurs at its intended time, then it is also an accomplishment. However, excess budgeting and poor time management is a pointer to failure. Participants’ satisfaction and understanding of a project’s content is an indicator of triumph. In the project, if the students can plant and care for the trees, then the project will be a success. Nonetheless, if the students fail to implement tree-planting instructions, then the project would be a complete failure. The total number of participants in an event can aid in assessing its success. The success of the tree planting initiative project will depend on the number of students who attend the event. If the event attendance level is high, then it is an indication that the project was successful. The choice of location of an event matters. A location that is accessible and secure adds up to the success of a

Consideration when building market-competitve compensation system Essay Example for Free

Consideration when building market-competitve compensation system Essay Discuss and explain the considerations when building market-competitive compensation systems. A company that strives to be competitive in whatever market they belong to will always look for strategic and competitive advantages. Building a market-competitive compensation system is the first step needed to attract, retain, and promote high performing individuals who will help a company reach and maintain that edge over competitors, so it is imperative to get it right the first time: offer compensation that is far above the median wage and the company must lower its bottom line, leaving it less money to reinvest, pay stockholders, etc. Offer too low a compensation package and the company will not be able to attract the high performers it is looking for to drive the competitive advantages further. To build a market-competitive pay system a company must: Conduct Strategic Analyses When a company conducts a strategic analysis of both the external market (industry profile, competitor information, long-term growth prospects) and internal factors (functional capabilities, financial situation) it is looking for the parameters or the limits that it can perform and grow with (Martocchio 146) . Assess competitor’s pay practices with compensation surveys The textbook goes into depth the factors surrounding compensation surveys, much of which are better explained in a statistics class. It is understandably difficult for a company to develop an internal custom compensation survey, as training personnel who have never done this is difficult, not the mention a company’s competition is understandably resistant to releasing pay numbers to rivals! Published surveys do exist, however, and consulting firms are there, depending on the industry. The most important strategic considerations to develop in a survey are determining the releva nt job market and choosing benchmark jobs within that market (150). Integrate internal job structure with external market pay rates – Using regression analysis, which â€Å"describes the linear relationship between two variables (i.e. simple regression) or between the linear composite of multiple variables and one other variable (i.e. multiple regression)† (380). In simpler terms, it is finding the sweet spot for the company pay based on external markets and what they pay and factors internal  to the company (relevant work experience, job value, etc). Determine compensation policies – A Company has three pay level policies to choose from: market lead, market lag, or market match. A market lead policy â€Å"leads† the way, establishing a pay which is higher than market trends but may result in reduced profits. This is, however, what a company may want to do to differentiate itself from the competition. Market lag policy has a company compensating employees less than the average. This is best suited to a lowest-cost strate gy and the claim can be made that those low costs are passed to the clients or consumers. Market match policy ensures the company is compensating its personnel the same as current market trends. It is a safe way to go but does little to help a company distinguish itself from competitors, but if it fits within the strategic goals of a company it is the way to go. Works Cited Martocchio, Joseph J. Strategic Compensation: A Human Resource Management Approach 7th Edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2013.

Internet Security Essay -- essays research papers

Security on the Internet How do you secure something that is changing faster than you can fix it? The Internet has had security problems since its earliest days as a pure research project. Today, after several years and orders of magnitude of growth, is still has security problems. It is being used for a purpose for which it was never intended: commerce. It is somewhat ironic that the early Internet was design as a prototype for a high-availability command and control network that could resist outages resulting from enemy actions, yet it cannot resist college undergraduates. The problem is that the attackers are on, and make up apart of, the network they are attacking. Designing a system that is capable of resisting attack from within, while still growing and evolving at a breakneck pace, is probably impossible. Deep infrastructure changes are needed, and once you have achieved a certain amount of size, the sheer inertia of the installed base may make it impossible to apply fixes. The challenges for the security industry are growing. With the electronic commerce spreading over the Internet, there are issues such as nonrepudiation to be solved. Financial institutions will have both technical concerns, such as the security of a credit card number or banking information, and legal concerns for holding individuals responsible for their actions such as their purchases or sales over the Internet. Issuance and management of encryption keys for millions of users will pose a new type of challenge. While some technologies have been developed, only an industry-wide effort and cooperation can minimize risks and ensure privacy for users, data confidentiality for the financial institutions, and nonrepudiation for electronic commerce. With the continuing growth in linking individuals and businesses over the Internet, some social issues are starting to surface. The society may take time in adapting to the new concept of transacting business over the Internet. Consumers may take time to trust the network and accept it as a substitute for transacting business in person. Another class of concerns relates to restricting access over the Internet. Preventing distribution of pornography and other objectionable material over the Internet has already been in the news. We can expect new social hurdles over time and hope the great benefits of the Internet will continue to ove... ...o that its confidentiality and integrity are preserved. That is, the data remains secret to those who do not posses the secret key, and modifications to the cipher text can be detected during decryption. Two of the most popular symmetric ciphers are the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA). The DES algorithm operates on blocks of 64 bits at a time using a key length of 56 bits. The 64 bits are permuted according to the value of the key, and so encryption with two keys that differently in one bit produces two completely different cipher texts. The most popular mode of DES is called Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, where output from previous block are mixed with the plaintext of each block. The first block is mixed with the plaintext of each block. The block uses a special value called the Initialization Vector. Despite its size and rapid growth, the Web is still in its infancy. So is the software industry. We are just beginning to learn how to develop secure software, and we are beginning to understand that for our future, if it is to be online, we need to incorporate security into the basic underpinnings of everything we develop.

Refusing to Be a Victim Essay

The Virginia Tech Massacre was one of the deadliest shooting incidents by a single gunman (MSNC). With a bright future ahead, Reema Samaha was an 18 year-old freshman on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. Physically beautiful, excellent academic performance, proud of her Lebanese culture, future graduate of international studies and a minor in French, talented contemporary dancer, full of life, but a killer decided to end her life on April 16, 2007 (â€Å"We Remember: biographies†). She was murdered among 32 other students and staff. She was trapped in her French class with no gun with which to protect herself. Guns on campus should be allowed based on â€Å"the right to bear arms† authorized in the United States Constitution, the increasing violence on campus, the impossible mission to protect all the students by campus police, and the â€Å"Gun-Free Zone† sticker that attracts the killers. The second amend ment under the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution has protected the right of the people to keep and bear arms since 1791 (Head). It protects an individual’s right to possess and use a firearm for lawful purposes, such as self-defense. It is unlawful to bear arms to participate in a militia or to use for unlawful purposes. If somebody enters my property without invitation, it is my right, under the second amendment, to use a gun against a trespasser. One of the foundations that you acquire when you are a mother is to protect your loved ones at any cost if somebody attacks them. In the face of economic distress and the resulting risk for violence, the ability to protect oneself as allowed under the Constitution is increasingly important and must not be abridged. One example of that violence is sexual assaults on college campuses where nine occur each day. Also, there were 16 sniper victims at the University of Texas at Austin in 1966, 32 at Virginia Tech in 2007, five at Northern Illinois University in 2008, one at Virginia Tech in 2011, and three at San Jose State University in 2011 (â€Å"Infopleaseâ⠂¬ )†¦ What protection did the schools offer? The only option for the victim is to play dead or huddle under a desk hoping that the killer will not shoot them. Unfortunately, there is currently no alternative to simply hiding and praying that the bad guy will give you grace. Protecting all the students is an impossible mission for universities. Campus officials have introduced several responses to the problem of campus crime. Campus police, text  message alerts and cameras are all excellent ideas that improve responsiveness, but responsiveness is not the same as readiness. Text messages are unsuccessful, police are spread out across huge campuses and cameras have proven ineffective. Universities are open environments with indiscernible boundaries and few procedures to prevent or deal with a calamitous event. Colleges cannot guarantee protection or eliminate armed assaults. It is unrealistic to expect colleges to provide airport-like security with perimeter enforcement, metal detectors, armed guards, bag inspections and pat downs. Therefore, any institutions that cannot provide protection for their visitors must not deprive students of the ability to protect themselves. The â€Å"Free-Gun Zone† does not achieve its desired purpose. In fact, â€Å"Gun-Free Zone† sign attracts killers. Congress adopted the Gun-Free School Zones Act in 1990, prohibiting the possession of firearms in posted areas (â€Å"School Law†). Laws have never influenced criminal behavior because criminals, by their characters, do not respect laws. So a sticker on the campus doors stating â€Å"No guns allowed† is merely ironic in the face of tragedy. To the criminal, it means that this campus is a safe zone where victims are unable to protect themselves — a paradise zone for a killer! He is sure to succeed in his mission to kill with little risk to himself! The â€Å"Gun-Free Zone† sticker screams â€Å"Easy Targets Here.† One basis of opposition to guns on campus focuses on the presumed danger of young people, who are less mature, possessing guns. Some fear that during a party, a quarrel with friends could lead to use of a gun to resolve a disagreement. However, a student would be required to apply for a license in order to carry a gun, which requires a comprehensive FBI criminal background check, fingerprinting, classroom instruction and live-fire certification (â€Å"eHow†). The traini ng is designed, in part, to cause the student with a concealed weapon to be careful. Licensing is available to applicants who are 21 years of age or older, thus more mature. Another argument of opposition emphasizes the possibility of violence increasing with concealed weapons on campus, as if the mere presence of a weapon will increase violence. However, the benefit of having concealed weapons allowed on campus is proven by the fact that 26 colleges and universities, in Utah and in Colorado, a total70 campuses, currently allowing concealed carry on campus have not been a single report of shootouts, accidents or heated conflicts. In fact, rather  than causing crime as feared, Colorado State University’s crime rate has declined steadily since allowing concealed carry weapons. Allowing concealed weapons does not increase risk. To the contrary, it presents an advantage; it reduces crime and violence. Statistics and fact repudiate the fallacy that concealed weapons on campus will increase violence. In fact, guns should be permitted on campus due to the constitutional right to bear arms, growing violence on campus, the unmanageable job for the campus police to protect the students and staff, and the attractiveness of the Gun-free zone to malefactors. It should not stop there. High school teachers should be allowed to carry a weapon. As a future French teacher, I don’t want to die as a victim, but as a brave little soldier who will fight for my life and those of my students whom I would have in my charge. No one has the right to end a life of a living being for nothing. But many lives will be terminated before a policy is put in place to stop the rampage. The campus and other public places shouldn’t allow us to revoke our right as citizens to protect ourselves. Reema Ramage’s parents would have loved to see her graduate from Virginia Tech, to be there for her wedding day, to hold her first child. But, a foolish man decided to kill these dreams. Sadly, no one was allowed to stop him. Reema has the right to live. Works Cited .MSNC, â€Å"Worst U.S. shooting ever kills 33 on Va. campus.† (2007): n. page. Print. . .†Virginia Tech.† We Remember: biographies. N.p., 2007. Web. 3 Apr 2012. . .Head, Tom. â€Å"The Second Amendment.† About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr 2012. . .†Time Line of Worldwide School Shootings.† Infoplease. Pearson Education, 2012. Web. 3 Apr 2012. . .†California’s Gun-Free School Zone Act .† School Law. N.p., 2012. Web. 3 Apr 2012. . . â€Å"How to Get a Permit to Carry a Concealed Weapon in Texas.† eHow. N.p., 2012. Web. 3 Apr 2012. .

Child Developmental Theorists Essay

Introduction Over many years, development theories have been made about the development of children and the stages they move through in order to grow and mature. There are five stages of childhood development; cognitive, physical, social & emotional and moral & spiritual. In this report, there will be a focus on three types of development theories. The three development theories that will be researched in this report are Jean Piaget (1896-1980), Erik Erikson (1902-1994) and Abraham Maslow (1908-1970). Developmental Theory One- Jean Piaget 4.1Jean Piaget was born on the 9th August 1896 in Neuchatel which is in the Francophone region of Switzerland. As a young boy he was always interested in biology and the natural world. He attended the University of Neuchatel and also briefly attended the University of Zurich. He didn’t study biology however. His interests changed as he became older and he graduated from university with two published papers on his thinking at that time. After he graduated he moved from Switzerland to Paris, France where he taught at a boy’s school. It was here at this school, where he was helping to mark the Binet intelligence test, that he noticed that the younger children were consistently answering the same questions wrong, which the older children were getting right. From these results he produced the theory that young children’s cognitive processes are naturally different to adults thinking. In 1923, Piaget married and had three children, which he studied through infancy. Through the next couple of decades he became Directors and chiefs of a couple of different organizations and universities. Piaget sadly passed away on the 16th September 1980. 4.2Piaget’s theories are focused around two areas, which are language and cognitive. His theory was split into four parts which were the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage. These will be expanded on later on in the report. 4.3Some significant ideas in Piaget’s cognitive theory include the following: cognitive development is mainly a result of the child’s active and independent interaction and exploration of their environment, that the role of the adult is as a provider and facilitator for the child, that children have differently distinct thinking processes from, that new knowledge is compounded on from previous knowledge and lastly that intellectual functioning is a very important factor in determining the behaviour of the child. 4.4In Piaget’s theory, it is split into four parts which are the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and the formal operation stage. The sensorimotor stage for a child is between the ages of birth to approximately two years of age. For children in this stage, they have minimal competence in representing their environment using a different range of images, language and/or symbols. Infants also have no awareness of objects or people. Piaget called this a lack of â€Å"object permanence†. When people develop object permanence it means that they can understand that people and objects continue to exist even when they aren’t in that present environment. The preoperational stage is from the ages of approximately two to seven years. These years can differ or change for any stage depending on the developmental of the child. This stage focuses around the language area of development. In this stage, children develop an internal representation of the world which helps them describe events, people and feelings which may be their own and/or others. During this stage they also use symbols as a way of playing and explaining themselves. Although the child’s thinking has developed from the sensorimotor stage it is still extremely lower than the thinking of adults. Children in this stage are very egocentric. This means that the child only thinks from their perspective and has no concept of thinking for others. In the concrete operational, children have some difficulty with abstract thought and often think in very â€Å"concrete† terms- hence the name. Their thinking is very black and white and they are attentive to the values of fairness and rules. The concrete operational stage is focused around children from the ages for seven to twelve years old. In this stage, children also have a better understanding of time and space, but still have limits to their thinking. They also tend to think in a more logical manner and begin to overcome the egocentric manner and characteristics of the previous stage. In the last stage, the formal operational stage, it usually focuses around children aged twelve years old and continues into adulthood. In this stage they finally begin to develop the ability to think formally, logically and abstractly. At this stage they can think hypothetically and problem solve using their logic. Developmental Theory Two- Erik Erikson 5.1.Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt, on the 15th May, 1902 to Danish parents and died on the 12th May 1994 in America. Erikson was the result of an extramarital affair by his mother. The circumstances surrounding his birth were concealed throughout his entire childhood. Erikson had a major issue with identity which is shown through his theories and through his life. 5.2.Erikson’s theory is based around psychosocial development. His theory was organized into eight stages which extended from birth to death. These stages are hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love and care. These eight stages are expanded and explained later on in the report. 5.3.Erikson’s theory was based around the psychosocial beliefs that: a.People tend to have the same basic needs b.Personality develops and changes in response to the basic needs c.Development occurs in stages that reflect physical life span changes d.That in each stage of development, the individual us confronted by a â€Å"crisis† or developmental task which is critical to that particular stage of development e.Lastly, that the motivation of each person to meet these challenges will vary from stage to stage as their needs vary. 5.4.Stage One in the theory of Erikson is Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust and is from birth to one years of age. The psychosocial crisis is trust v. mistrust and the virtue is hope. This stage focuses around if the infant’s needs are being met by the parents as infants depend entirely on their parents, especially their mother who provides food, sustenance and comfort. What the parent provides their child is what the child will learn to accept. For example, if the parents expose the child to warmth, a sense of regularity and dependable affection then the infant will view the world with trust. If the parents fail to provide these things and instead provide an insecure, cold, abusive and unloving environment then mistrust of the world will be developed. The second stage is Will: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt which is from the ages of two to four years of age. This stage is focused around the question of â€Å"can I do things by myself or must I always rely on others?† As the child begins to gain motor skills and enough knowledge, they begin to explore their surroundings. In this stage caregivers are encouraged to support self sufficient behaviour which enables the child to become capable of fulfilling their own needs such as dressing and feeding themselves. Stage three is Purpose: initiative vs. guilt and focused around the ages of four to six years of age. The main question in this stage is â€Å"Am I good or bad?† In this stage, children learn how to control and understand the world around them. The fourth stage is from age seven to twelve. This stage is called Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority. The main question asked in this stage is â€Å"How can I be good?† Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. They also find it easier to share and co-operate with others. When the children are encouraged by parents, teachers and peers they begin to believe in their skills. Those children who receive little encouragement from anyone will doubt their own abilities and doubt their ability to becoming more successful. Stage five is Fidelity: Identity vs. Role confusion and is from the ages of 13 to 19 years of age. The main question asked in this stage is â€Å"Who am I and where am I going?† In this stage the adolescents are developing and exploring their independence and sense of self. Like the other stages, those who receive encouragement will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of not only independence but control of themselves and sometimes others as well. The sixth stage is Love: Intimacy and Isolation. This stage includes the ages from 20 to 40 years old. The main question in this stage is â€Å"Am I loved and wanted?† and â€Å"Shall I share my life with someone or live alone?† During this stage there is the exploration of personal relationships. Erikson believed that people developed a close and committed relationship with other people. Those who are successful will then develop relationships which become safe, committed and secure and are able to incorporate a level of intimacy. If they are unable to develop these relationships they may develop a sense of isolation. The seventh and second last stage of Erikson’s theory is Care: Generativity vs. Stagnation and is from the ages of 45 to 64 years of age. â€Å"Will I produce something of real value?† is the main question asked in this stage. During this stage, they have already developed and build on their lives, with a main focus on family and career. Those who are unsuccessful during this stage and fail to obtain this skill may feel unproductive and uninvolved in their world. The last and eighth stage is Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair which is from the age of 65 onwards. The main question is â€Å"Have I lived a full life?† This phase is mainly focused on looking back over life and assessing their achievements. Those who are unable to complete this stage will experience a large amount of regrets and despair; however those who are successful look back on their life with few regrets and a feeling of satisfaction. Developmental Theory Three- Abraham Maslow 6.1Abraham Harold Maslow was born on the April 1st 1908, in Brooklyn, New York. Maslow had six siblings and was the eldest child. Maslow recalls his childhood as rather lonely and unhappy. This was because his parents were un-educated Jews, and he was brought up in a non Jewish neighbourhood. This resulted in Maslow spending most of his time in libraries and with books. Maslow wanted to pursue law, but ended up graduating at the University of Wisconsin with a psychology degree. While studying at the University, he married his first cousin Bertha in December 1928. While at numerous other universities, including Columbia and Brooklyn he researched and found mentors which he began to take notes on, resulting in the basis of his research. Maslow sadly died on June 8th 1970 of a heart attack while being a resident fellow of the Laughlin Institute in California. 6.2Maslow’s theory has a couple of areas of development it focuses on. Due to the number of levels, there are a large number of areas which are developed such as emotional development, cognitive development and social development. Using these areas of development, Maslow developed his Hierarchy of Needs, which was a layer of needs. Each layer has to be completed before you are able to move up to the next level. Some people never manage to reach the top layer, but some people manage to reach that level very early on in adulthood. 6.3The principle idea of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is self actualization. In the Hierarchy of Needs, above air, water, food and sex he laid out five broader layers of basic needs. Above these basic needs, higher levels of needs exist. These five broader layers of basic needs, which can be classified as other principle ideas are physiological needs, the need for safety and security, need for love and belonging, need for esteem and the need to self actualize. 6.4In this report, the focus will be on an interpretation of the Hierarchy of Needs which is shown in the diagram below and only shows the basic needs. These basic needs are human instinct. These basic needs are expanded: a)Physiological Needs: This need is a biological need. This layer consists of the need for oxygen, food, shelter, water, health, sex and a constant body temperature. These are in the first layer because if a person was deprived of these needs, they would not be able to survive and would come first in a person’s search for satisfaction. b)The second tier in the Hierarchy of Needs is Safety. This layer consists of the need for security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property. This layer can only be achieved when the first layer has been achieved to its full extent. This goes for every tier/layer in the Hierarchy of Needs. c)The third tier in the Hierarchy of Needs is Love and Belonging, which focuses on building friendships, family and sexual intimacy. Once the second layer has been completed, the need for friends, family and sexual intimacy and affectionate relationships in general becomes larger. This stage also means giving and receiving love, affection and the sense of belonging. If this level doesn’t get reached, the person can often be susceptible to loneliness and experience social anxieties. d)Esteem is the second last tier in Maslow’s theory which focuses on self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others. Maslow split this level into two types of esteem- high and low. The lower type of esteem is the need for the respect of others and the need for status, fame, glory, attention, reputation, dignity and in some cases dominance. The higher form of esteem is the need for self respect and the need for feelings such as confidence, achievement, independence and freedom. Once self respect has been accomplished, it is a lot harder to lose than the lower form of esteem. If this level isn’t reached, a person can feel inferior, weak, helpless and worthless. e)The last tier in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is self actualization which is one of the principal ideas of the theory. This last layer has the needs of morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice and the acceptance of facts. Maslow describes this level as a person’s need to be and do what that person â€Å"was born to do. All these stages can be seen in this diagram below. Conclusion Through Jean Piaget’s, Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow’s theories we can see how each man has developed how they think children develop whether it be through language, cognitive, emotionally, socially or a mixture of all or some. Each theory gives an in depth explanation on how they think children and in some cases, adolescents develop. Some people only believe one theory but there are also others who believe in many different theories on the development of children. Whatever theory/theories people believe is not right or wrong as there are many different views on the subject.

following directions

following directions "BOOM! "sounded off as a little red car hit an 18 wheeler. The owner of the little red car was devastated when he noticed the damage done to his car. He was lost for words. The police officer at the scene said "Sir calm down you should have stopped at the stop sign." The owner of the little red car learned to pay attention follow directions. It is important to follow directions at all times especially when you're pregnant, preparing food, and doing an autopsy.Following instructions is very vital when it comes to pregnancy because there's a life at risk. If you don't take proper precautions, you may have a miscarriage. If you drink or smoke while pregnant, your baby may have life threatening problems. No mother should have to go through this it'd occur less often if they would follow directions.When preparing food, it is extra crucial to follow the directions on the recipe.English: Pregnant woman at a WIC clinic in Virgini...Because if you don't, your food wont taste right. And if you don't cook anything that is defrosted all the way through then you might get food poisoning. But if you would have follow directions, you wouldn't have to worry about those consequences you can enjoy your food.Following instructions is also very vital when building a house. If you mess up one measurement, the whole house won't have a solid foundation. If you measure something inaccurately, your house may fall in. If you don't use tape to paint your house then your lines won't be straight they'll be all over the place. Now had you followed directions, there would be no reason to worry about these consequences. To sum it all up, following directions is very important so you won't have to worry...

LFA essays

LFA essays Like all tomato days we had spaghetti that night. Made by our own hands. A tradition that well never let go. A tradition that I probably will never let go of either, simply because like religion, culture is nailed into you so deep you cant escape it. The Australian experience can be defined when we look at The Aboriginals, The war, The Anzacs, Migrants and many other things. Looking For Alibrandi written by Melina Marchetta looks at the story of Josephine Alibrandi who is a 17 yr old Italian girl growing up in a multi-cultural Australian society. Looking For Alibrandi is about identity and blame, confronting past lies and uncovering family secrets. Everyone has to face up to who they are, where they have come from and what they want. It raises issues that relate to the Australian Experience like living between two-cultures and multi-culturalism. The main character, Josie lives between two worlds. She is a third generation working class Italian-Australian on a scholarship to Sydney's exclusive St Martha's. This book is the story of a girl who is in her final year of schooling. This is the year where she first falls in love and where her father comes into her life. Josie tells us the story of her life and the struggles she has living as an Italian-Australian in multi-cultural society. She is struggling to find where she fits into the world that surrounds her. In the book she says she comes up and asks me what nationality I am, Ill look at them and say that I am an Australian with Italian blood flowing rapidly through my veins. She says this right at the end of this book after she has discovered who she is and where she has come from. From this quote you can see that she is proud to be a person growing up in a multi-cultural society. The traditions of the Italian community have refused to die in Josie's family and she often questions some of the particular on-going ways. She says "culture is...

5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers

5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers 5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers 5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers By Mark Nichol Brainstorming is useful whether you have too few ideas, or too many. It can help you whether you don’t know how to organize your thoughts, or whether you don’t even have any thoughts. But before you start, remember the first rule of brainstorming: Enumerate, don’t evaluate. Just get the ideas down, and don’t judge them or organize them until the creative phase has wound down. 1. Cubing In this strategy, a topic or idea is examined from six distinct viewpoints hence the name. Describe the topic (what is it?), compare it (what is it like or unlike?), associate it (what does it make you think of?), analyze it (what constituent parts is it made of?), apply it (how can it be used?), and argue for and/or against it (how can you support or oppose it?). Cubing was developed as a critical-thinking exercise to help students express their thoughts in opinion essays, but it can be adapted for general nonfiction writing, though it is of limited value for fiction. A similar technique is to explore three perspectives: The first is to describe the topic and its features, its constituent parts, and its challenges, and to compare and contrast it with other topics. The second is to trace the history of the topic and the influences on it throughout that history, and the topic’s evolution. The third is to map the topic to similar contemporary topics as well as to its influences, and to topics that it influences. 2. Freewriting Write. You don’t know what to write? Then write that. Just write. Have a quantitative goal: 500 words, three pages, five minutes it doesn’t matter. Just write. Do not pause in order to spell correctly or write flawlessly, and don’t go back to rewrite. Turn off your inner editor. Do not strive for coherence. Just write. Consider closing your eyes while you’re writing or typing, or turn the computer monitor off. Just write. 3. Listing If your intent is to write an essay or a review or profile, what do you want to communicate? If you wish to craft a story, which ideas and elements do you wish to convey? Jot down a list of phrases or single words you will return to later. For nonfiction, the list can consist of opinions, arguments, facts, questions, or components, or any combination of the above. For fiction, list people, places, and things, values and qualities, goals and obstacles. Don’t outline at this point. Outlining stalls the creative act of brainstorming by requiring you to evaluate and organize your thoughts. Remember, brainstorming should be an uninhibited activity. 4. Mapping Mapping, also known as clustering and webbing, is a graphic form of listing that simply involves jotting down ideas on a large writing surface and then making connections by associating similarly themed ideas with color-coded circles or underlines of distinct patterns and then indicating other relationships by linking with lines. How you produce the map, exactly, is up to you, but as with any other brainstorming tool, wait until you’ve (temporarily) run out of ideas before you begin making connections but don’t hesitate to continue recording new ideas as you marshal others. The Creately blog has a great article with several other visual brainstorming strategies you can try. 5. Researching You know the topic you want to write about, or the outline of a novel’s plot, but you don’t know how to populate the piece with ideas? Go to the reference section of a library, or call up reference Web sites. As you read about a current or past event, or a contemporary or historical issue, record the ideas in list or map form. You might find the key point you’ve been looking for, or change the one you had in favor of this new detail. If you’re planning on writing a novel, learn more about the city or country in which it takes place (even if it’s the one you live in). If it’s a historical novel, read about the social structure and cultural atmosphere of the time and place, and take notes about how people dressed, talked, ate, worked, and engaged in other quotidian activities. The Next Step If one of these strategies doesn’t work for you, try another until something clicks. Even if one does work, try more than one. Then, whichever technique(s) you’ve employed, review your result. Don’t feel that you’ve failed if your work does not yield eloquence or epiphanies, but search for whatever may help you develop your writing assignment or project. If you feel that an outline is useful, make one after you complete the brainstorming activity. If you don’t, launch into whatever part of the topic attracts your attention based on your brainstorming output. You don’t have to start at the beginning, and you don’t have to complete one part of your assignment or project before you move on to another one. Just build on your background work one piece at a time as it develops. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?The Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet15 English Words of Indian Origin

Summary of APTA Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary of APTA Leadership - Assignment Example Particularly in 2011, the organization has had some major breakthroughs and has been able to render its services more effectively. At the 2011 House of Delegates (House) interests and opinions of its members were represented and future policies were outlined and adopted that would modify the future structure of APTA. Among policies adopted were defining the physical therapist’s role in palliative care and in the treatment of patients with concussion, elucidating the supervision requirements for student physical therapist assistants and amending its position on the transparency of contractual agreements between clients and the organization. The House introduced Principles of Governance which delineated principles for the future governing body of APTA. Its purpose is to provide guidelines to the Governance Review Task Force for reviewing governance proposals and input from sources both within and outside of the organization’s membership and volunteer groups. These proposals are scheduled to be reviewed in the 2012 House of Delegates and to be implemented in the 2013 House of Delegates. Another milestone was the consideration of the highly debated parent resolution â€Å"Health Care Professionals and Personnel Involved in the delivery of Physical Therapy†, which proposed changes to the present delivery system of physical therapy limited to â€Å"physical therapist, physical therapist assistant and physical therapy aide† (APTA). The new adopted policy is as follows: â€Å"The American Physical Therapy Association recognizes physical therapists’ abilities to utilize appropriate support personnel, including but not limited to the physical therapist assistant, when directing and supervising selected aspects of physical therapy intervention† (APTA). For this purpose, the Board of Directors formed a task force for the preparation of a report regarding the aforementioned reform for review in the next Board of Directors meeting in April 2012. In the

Dissertation,Cross Culture Communication at Restaurant Literature review

Dissertation,Cross Culture Communication at Restaurant - Literature review Example Perhaps it is imperative to understand culture because it is the backbone of solving intercultural communication in every organizational set-up including restaurants. Merkin (2011) defines it; culture refers to customs, beliefs and formalities that define a society. Society in this context may be tribe, nation, region or business entities. The technological advancements and emergencies of multinational companies operating across borders consider the study of cross-cultural communication an inevitable move. For instance, if a U.S companies considers establishing a Greenfield investment in Nigeria, the company needs to understand how to communicate with Nigerians because aspects such as marketing largely depend on communication. Additionally, the company will have to employee Nigerians to work hence knowing how to talk enables the company handle their workforce appropriately. The scenario primarily applies to the hospitality industry that absorbs a large number of workers. Merkin (2011) emphasizes that migration across borders has been on the increase due to the quick transportation means, hence understanding cross-cultural communication helps peop le when they seek opportunities in various industries. Organizations too, benefit as they get to comprehend how to manage a diverse workforce. First, the demographic shifts illustrate that international migration is on the rise due to factors such as education, business activities, and work and government diplomacy. Evidently, people from different nations, tribes and regions are likely to find themselves existing in a single social setting. Understanding cross-cultural communication is necessary to promote harmonious living where people do not feel their culture is despised. Secondly, intercultural communication is strategically important to companies that have the diversified workforce and operate as multinational (Pekerti and Thomas, 2015). For instance, the

Learning and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Learning and Development - Essay Example The primary concern of the business is the human resource pool and as a store manager, Douglas Forbes should confront the business concerns and provide solutions. Problems of poor human resource pool of Fair Price Stores can be linked to the process of selection and hiring of its employees. If proper screening has been undertaken for the recruitment process, the human resource pool of the company should not have been a problem. To address the issue of poor level of supervisory skills, everything should start in the process where employees are being selected. The people are the most important asset of the business and effective human resource management can help establish an important strategic tool and sustainable competitive advantage for the company. As Douglas Forbes, I will be tackling the issues in a systematic manner. A human resource management process should deal with the problem of incompetency. Activities should be laid out for staffing the organization and sustaining high employee performance. Human resource planning should be given priority for a manager to ensure that the right number and kinds of people are in the right places at the right time that is capable of effectively and efficiently perform assigned tasks. It is evident that the current human resource inventory of the company lacks the essential qualities to help the business succeed. As a manager, a clear delineation of jobs should be done to help the employees understand their functions. The job description for each employee should be discussed to them for them to know the requirements of the job assigned to them, how it is done and the reason why it is done. It will guide the employee on their performance of their jobs. A job specification should be stated during the hiring process to provide information on the minimum qualifications that a person must possess to perform a given job

Economics of Exchange Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics of Exchange - Research Paper Example Contextually, the Senior Leadership Team (SLT) had been focused on keeping the entire manufacturing process in-house, concerning which the management presumes that out-sourcing certain elements of its production system or rather its supply chain system shall be beneficial for the company to satisfy the augmenting demand. With due concern to the above mentioned aspects regarding the outsourcing initiatives of BlueJay, this essay would intend to present a workbook for weekly staff meetings which is intended to be held in the 30 days period of recommending the outsourcing plan. Hence, the objective of the workbook would be to develop adequate understanding amid the supply chain management team regarding the background of the decision and evaluation to be taken. The proposed workbook will thus address the economic aspects of value and utility (i.e. the concept of economics of exchange) in relation to decision making process to render a better knowledge of economic as well as financial el ements related with the company’s upcoming decision. Workbook The workbook is scheduled for a 30 days period describing the aspects to be covered in 4 weekly staff meetings. ... Correspondingly, the last meeting will be held to obtain feedbacks and evaluate the understanding of the staffs which would assist them in contributing efficiently to the overall outsourcing process. Economics of Exchange Today, when there is a price tag hanging on every element which can be a part of a transaction, the concept of economics of exchange becomes quite apparent. It is often regarded as the process of serving commodities in exchange of a value, particularly in monetary terms. Thus, it can be affirmed that the concept of economics of exchange is based on the process of transaction which further tends to determine the balance between the customers’ requirements and the company’s capacity. It is often described as a transaction process through which the firm intends to serve its customers with the notion of earning value for the commodities offered (Williamson, 2008). In relation to BlueJay’s current economic conditions, the SLT of the firm’s sup ply chain management have proposed the strategy of outsourcing related to which, a number of researches are to be conducted for making effective decisions with concern to the quality as well as cost of the products. This in turn is likely to influence the economics of exchange in the supply chain process of the company where it is required to make decisions with regards to the quantity of in-house production, quantity of products to be outsourced, prices and the risks which are connected with the suggested procedure. It is expected that the outsourcing will assist the firm in reducing the cost of production for the goods and will also assist in meeting excessive demand from the customers. On the

Annotated Bibliography on The Peloponessian War

On The Peloponessian War - Annotated Bibliography Example Flory Stewart is professor in classical history having developed interest in Latin while at a tender age. He taught at private boarding school in Athens, before returning to Yale to undertake his PhD. In this book, Flory recounts Thucydide’s hypothesis of the Peloponnesian War. By referring to the wars Greeks fighting each other, Athenians against the Spartans, the author gives a radical analysis of the factors that led to the war basing on accounts already presented by Thucydides. Notable in his argument is that the war must have arisen from the progressive rise of a powerful Athenian empire. The radical nature in which Flory uses Thucydide’s hypothesis seems to exemplify his theory even amidst critical remarks from other scholars. Generally, the book is important for any reader who would like to understand the ancient work by Thucydides in details. The classical nature of the book and simple language used makes it appropriate for a modern researcher. This book was written by Donald Kagan, who is an American historian at Yale University having specialized in ancient Greece. The four volume book gives vivid account of destructive war of Greeks against each other, and Athenians against the Spartans. It is a distinguished historical account meant for general readers, providing a new dimension to the examination of Western civilization. The author spent a great deal of time or re-examine the factors that instigated the conflict by reviewing both the ancient texts and accounts of modern scholars. The entire book seems to be informed by the question: Was the war inevitable, or could it have been avoided? Something unique about the author is that he courageously confronted and argued either in favour or against some historical figures, hence giving his view a balanced argumentative structure. Kagan particularly takes an issue with Thucydides’ view

Economics of Exchange Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics of Exchange - Research Paper Example Contextually, the Senior Leadership Team (SLT) had been focused on keeping the entire manufacturing process in-house, concerning which the management presumes that out-sourcing certain elements of its production system or rather its supply chain system shall be beneficial for the company to satisfy the augmenting demand. With due concern to the above mentioned aspects regarding the outsourcing initiatives of BlueJay, this essay would intend to present a workbook for weekly staff meetings which is intended to be held in the 30 days period of recommending the outsourcing plan. Hence, the objective of the workbook would be to develop adequate understanding amid the supply chain management team regarding the background of the decision and evaluation to be taken. The proposed workbook will thus address the economic aspects of value and utility (i.e. the concept of economics of exchange) in relation to decision making process to render a better knowledge of economic as well as financial el ements related with the company’s upcoming decision. Workbook The workbook is scheduled for a 30 days period describing the aspects to be covered in 4 weekly staff meetings. ... Correspondingly, the last meeting will be held to obtain feedbacks and evaluate the understanding of the staffs which would assist them in contributing efficiently to the overall outsourcing process. Economics of Exchange Today, when there is a price tag hanging on every element which can be a part of a transaction, the concept of economics of exchange becomes quite apparent. It is often regarded as the process of serving commodities in exchange of a value, particularly in monetary terms. Thus, it can be affirmed that the concept of economics of exchange is based on the process of transaction which further tends to determine the balance between the customers’ requirements and the company’s capacity. It is often described as a transaction process through which the firm intends to serve its customers with the notion of earning value for the commodities offered (Williamson, 2008). In relation to BlueJay’s current economic conditions, the SLT of the firm’s sup ply chain management have proposed the strategy of outsourcing related to which, a number of researches are to be conducted for making effective decisions with concern to the quality as well as cost of the products. This in turn is likely to influence the economics of exchange in the supply chain process of the company where it is required to make decisions with regards to the quantity of in-house production, quantity of products to be outsourced, prices and the risks which are connected with the suggested procedure. It is expected that the outsourcing will assist the firm in reducing the cost of production for the goods and will also assist in meeting excessive demand from the customers. On the

Innovative Leadership and Culture Matrix Research Paper

Innovative Leadership and Culture Matrix - Research Paper Example According to Jones, Michael Dell of Dell Computer, â€Å"adopted a very different approach to managing his company. Dell developed a participative management approach, involved employees in decision-making, and fostered a spirit of comradeship and cooperation among team members to encourage top performance. His management style engendered intense loyalty from his employees, who liked his hands-on approach, and his close attention to managing his company† (p.10). The author noted that â€Å"Michael Dell was careful to watch the teams’ progress closely. When a project seemed not to be working out or was costing too much, he would quickly end it and transfer engineers to other projects† (p.10). The author further noted, â€Å"Dell’s knowledge management system, which gives them real-time access to its changing input demands, allows them to forecast demand for their products months in advance, and enables them to redesign their products so they will fit bette r with Dell’s future needs. The cost savings that have resulted from this system have been tremendous and have made Dell and its suppliers the low-cost leaders in the PC industry†. Dell’s leadership model emphasizes organizational development, promotes individuals from within, creates organizational alignment, develops core capabilities and managerial effectiveness.Dell Corporation had experienced a decline in growth in late 2000. The company began to focus on redesigning its culture in a way that would emphasize new values

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Essay Topic Sentence: Who, in your opinion, is most to blame for this tragedy? One of Shakespeare’s most known plays is the love story between Romeo and Juliet, which ends up as a tragedy. There are many different reasons and causes to why this tragedy occurred between the two young lovers, Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurance, their parents and also the element of fate. Romeo and Juliet are two young lovers who seem to rush the love between each other by becoming married to after only a matter of hours of knowing each other. Friar Laurence who should have been smarter in his actions by marry the two which ending up causing this tragedy, also both Romeo and Juliets have a role that ended up causing their children a tragic end. . Finally, the element of fate comes into play we realise that their tragic deaths may have been predetermined and would be unchanged even if they decided to act differently to what they did. Romeo and Juliet contribute to their tragic end. Both Romeo and Juliet are two young teenagers who rush there love between each other and make important decisions without proper thought to what the consequence might be. Romeo and Juliet are both too naive and do not realise nor think about their actions before actually doing them. ‘ Had I ever loved before? ’ Romeo says this when he first lays eyes on Juliet, without even properly meeting her he is already madly in love with her. This is simple naivety, which causes both Romeo and Juliet not to think about their actions and results in the ultimate sacrifise, their own lives. As for Juliet who has never felt love before, shows how naive she really is by just thinking that she is in love without experiencing it before meeting Romeo. Due to Romeo and Juliet’s naivety and lack of thought, contribute massively to the tragedy that they both suffer. The Montague’s (Romeo’s family) and The Capulet’s (Juliet’s family) have been feuding for decades and has become as bad as them trying to kill each other when they see each other on the streets. This relationship between the two families cause a major problem between Romeo and Juliet when they first realise who their families are. Both Romeo and Juliet realise that they can not tell anyone that they were madly in love with each other because they knew that both of their families would not allow the relationship and they could not be away from each other. So in result of the feud between the two families Romeo and Juliet have to keep their love secret when it would of help their relationship if they could talk to their parents and receive advise to reconsider how fast they were rushing into things. Both Romeo and Juliet did not have this advice and it ended up causing a tragedy. Friar Laurence has a major of role in the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Friar Laurence ends up making four fatal mistakes, he gave a poison to Juliet, he trusted someone else with a letter of great significance to deliver to Romeo, he married the two and he fled when Juliet was in the most danger at the tomb. His biggest mistake was the horrible advice and decision making that he made when he first found out about Romeo and Juliet’s secret love for each other. Both Romeo and Juliet were too naive to understand the full extent of the situation, however Friar Laurence being a much older man with much more wisdom and knowledge acted in a way that ended up causing the tragedy to occur. If he had been wiser and gave both Romeo and Juliet advice that they needed and not gone along with their plan to un-thought plan, the end up result would have been different. Fate is a major element in the play Romeo and Juliet. The element of fate is a power that predetermines events in your life and is unchangeable or is certain destiny. It is irreversible. From the first page of the play we hear about fate, Romeo and Juliet are mentioned as `star-crossed lovers meaning that fate will bring them together. It also says that their love is `death markd which means that their fate will be tragic. This suggest to us that the end up result was always going to be the same no matter of what different actions Romeo and Juliet made. The Fate of Romeo and Juliet’s love could also be questioned as unlucky and coincidental. The Montague boys are accidently invited to the Capulet’s â€Å"feast† were Romeo and Juliet meet. Friar Laurences second letter is never sent to Romeo because Romeos cousin reaches Romeo before the letter ever has a chance. Romeo arrives at the tomb just before Romeo sees Juliet waking up and kills himself think she is dead, which results in Juliet killing herself. In conclusion I believe that Friar Laurence is mainly to blame for this tragedy between Romeo and Juliet. Both Romeo and Juliet were just too naive to think about their actions full effect, when Friar Laurence who is a much older and should have been much wiser did not think of the consequences when he really should of and gave them both horrible advice. That is why a believe Romeo and Juliet’s tragedy is to be blamed on Friar Laurence’s actions.

A history of Common Law

A history of Common Law Common Law In order to be influential, the law is to be professed as both certain and predictable, and also flexible and fair.   Specifically, it needs clear rules on the one hand, but flexibility on the other to produce exceptions to cases that lead to apparently incongruous or unjust conclusions if the rules are applied rigidly.   Equity is an essence of principles, doctrines, and rules advanced initially by the Court of Chancery in positive competition with the rules, doctrines and principles of the Common Law Courts.  The obliteration of the old Court of Chancery and the Common Law Courts, has led to the proposition that the distinction between law and equity is now outdated; that the two approaches are now ‘fused.’   On the contrary, the better analysis, is that the common law and equity remain distinct but mutually dependent features of law: ‘they are working in different ways towards the same ends, and it is therefore as wrong to assert the independence of one from the other as it is to assert that there is no difference between them.’ For a long time, the two structures of common law and equity ran uncomfortably side by side.   Until 1615 it was by no means established which one was to prevail in the event of a dispute.   Yet, even after that year the inconsistency between the two systems continued for a very long time.   After the restructuring of the English court system in 1865, it was decided that in the event of a conflict between the common law and equitable principles, equity must prevail.   The Judicature Acts 1873-1975 created one system of courts by amalgamating the common law courts and the courts of equity to form the Supreme Court of Judicature which would administer common law and equity.   Accordingly the court ‘is now not a Court of Law or a Court of Equity, it is a Court of Complete Jurisdiction.’ The area of law recognized as Equity developed in England and Wales in the Middle Ages in situations where the ordinary common law had failed to afford suitable redress.   Many legal actions, for example, originated by the issue of a writ but the slightest inaccuracy on the writ would invalidate the entire action.   Another inadequacy in the ordinary common law involved the fact that the only remedy was damages; that is, compensation, therefore, the court orders did not exist to require people to do something or to desist from some conduct, for example, sell as piece of land according to an agreement made or stop using a particular title.   Dissatisfied litigants frequently preferred to petition the King for him to mediate in a specific case, the courts were, in any case, the King’s courts.   These petitions’ for justice were dealt with by the King’s Chancellor who determined each case according to his own discretion.   Over the years, the decisions mad e by Lord Chancellor became known as the rules of equity, derived from the Latin meaning levelling.   These new-found rules came to be applied in a special court, the Chancellor’s Court, which became identified as the Court of Chancery.   Equity began to appear as an apparent set of principles, rather than a personal jurisdiction of the Chancellor, during the Chancellorship of Lord Nottingham in 1673.   By the end of Lord Eldon’s Chancellorship in 1827 equity was recognized as a precise jurisdiction. Nevertheless the development of a parallel but distinct system of dispute resolution was certainly bound to generate a conflict.   An individual wronged by a failure of the common law to remedy a gross injustice would apply to the court of equity.   The Chancellor, if the case accepted it, would approve of a remedy preventing the common law court from imposing its order.   The catharsis transpired in the Earl ofOxford’s Case, where the court of common law ordered the payment of a debt.   The debt had previously been paid, but the deed giving affect to the requirement had not been cancelled.   The court of equity was prepared to grant an order preventing this and resolving the deed.   The collision was in due course resolved in favour of equity; where there is an inconsistency, equity prevails.   This rule is now preserved in the Supreme Court Act 1981, s 49. The history of equity is regarded by its constant ebb and flow between compatibility and competition with the common law.   More recent developments in equity include, for example, the recognition of restrictive covenants, the expansion of remedies, the development of doctrines such as proprietary estoppel, the enhanced status of contractual licences, and the new model constructive trust.   There is an effort, then again, to validate these new developments, which are all illustrations of judicial inspiration, by precedent.   As Bagnall J said in Cowcher vCowcher: ‘this does not mean that equity is past childbearing; simply that its progeny must be legitimate- by precedent out of principle.   It is well that this should be so; otherwise no lawyer could safely advise on his client’s title and every quarrel would lead to a law-suit.’ In all probability the single most significant feature of equity is the trust.   If title to any property is vested in a person as trustee for another, equity not only restrains the trustee from denying his trust and setting himself up as absolute owner, but impresses on the trustee positive duties of good faith towards the other person.   Although one of the original development of equity, the protection granted to equitable owners behind a trust has developed considerably over the last 50 years. Remedies represent some interesting illustrations of the difference between law and equity; a difference which arose as; ‘an accident of history,’ according to Lord Nicholls in A-G v Blake. Ordinarily legal rights and remedies remain separate from equitable ones.   Some similarities do, nevertheless, occur.   For illustration, an injunction, an equitable remedy, can be sought for an anticipatory breach of contract, or to stop a nuisance, both common law claims.   In A-G v Blake, the House of Lords authorized the equitable remedy of account of profits for an assertion for violation of contract where the common law remedy of damages would have been insufficient. The equitable remedy of account of profits is usually accessible where there is a fiduciary relationship but the House of Lords endorsed its request otherwise in exceptional cases where it was the operative way to remedy a wrong.   By distinction, in Seager v Copydex, proceedings were brought for breach of confidence in regard for confidential information exposed by the defendants about a carpet grip.   Such a claim is equitable and normally the equitable remedies of injunction and account are obtainable.   On the other hand, an injunction would have been unsuccessful and he judges awarded damages.   It would appear, consequently that a common law remedy is available for an equitable claim for breach of confidence. The new model constructive trust resulted in the main due to the resourceful activity of Lord Denning MR.   In Hussey v Palmer, Lord Denning explained the constructive trust as one ‘imposed by the law wherever justice and good conscience require it.’   Cases such as Eves v Eves, where the woman was awarded an equitable interest in the property signifying her involvement in terms of heavy work, and Cooke v Head, a comparable case, regard this progress further.   On the other hand, it might be that this progression has come to a standstill since the retirement of Lord Denning.   A number of modern cases, including Lloyds Bank v Rosset, have re-established former ideology in this sphere relating to the survival of a common intention that an equitable interest should occur, and the existence of a direct financial contribution.   These ethics are more analogous to those relating to the formation of a resulting trust.The new model constructive trust has been for the most part thriving in the field of licences.   At common law, a contractual licence was controlled by the doctrine of privity of contract, and failed to present protection against a third party.   Equitable remedies have been made accessible to avoid a licensor violating a contractual licence and to permit a licence to bind third parties. It has been acknowledged that certain licences may produce an equitable proprietary interest by means of a constructive trust or proprietary estoppel.   In Binions v Evans, it was decided by Lord Denning that purchasers were compelled by a contractual licence between the former owners and Mrs Evans, an occupant. A constructive trust was imposed in her preference as the purchasers had bought specifically subject to Mrs Evans’ interest and had, for those grounds, paid a reduced price.   Also in RE Sharpe, a constructive trust was imposed on a trustee in bankruptcy regarding an interest obtained by an aunt who lent money to her nephew for a house purchase on the arrangement that she could live there for the rest of her life.The volatility of these progressing fields is once more shown in recent case law which seems to hold back from an advancement which may have pushed the boundaries too far.   Obiter dicta from the Court of Appeal in Ashburn Anstalt v W JArnold Co, accept ed in Habermann v Koehler, propose that a licence will only give effect to a constructive trust where the conscience of a third party is influenced:   it will be imposed where their behaviour so deserves.   Judicial resourcefulness in equitable disciplines is therefore made subject to refinements by judges in later cases. Proprietary estoppel is an additional illustration of an equitable doctrine which has seen momentous progression in the interest in justice ever since its formation in the leading case of Dillwyn v Llewelyn.   The dogma is established on encouragement and acquiescence whereby equity was equipped to arbitrate and adjust the rights of the parties.   Its relevance has been further improved by the Court of Appeal in Gillet vHolt, where a wider line of attack to the doctrine was taken that depended, eventually, on the unconscionability of the act.   Once more, it is an advancement which is outside of the organization of property rights and their registration recognized by Parliament. Cases such as Jennings v Rice show that the principle of proprietary estoppel and the protection of licences by estoppel continue to be a successful means used by the judges for the protection of licences and equitable rights.   The extent to which the right welcomes protection is adaptable owing to the conditions of the particular case.   For example, in Matharu v Matharu, the licence did not bestow a beneficial interest but presented to the respondent a right to live in the house for the rest of her life. A different prevailing progression in equity has resulted from the decision of the House of Lords in Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien.   The case has proclaimed the re-emergence in a broad sense of the equitable doctrine of notice.   They present that, where there is undue influence over a co-mortgagor or surety, this may provide augmentation to a right to prevent the transaction.   This right to avoid the transaction amounts to an equity of which the mortgagee may be considered to have constructive notice.   This revivification of the equitable doctrine of notice in a contemporary situation reveals evidently the flexibility of equity.   A number of cases pursued this pronouncement.   In Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge, the House of Lords laid down common procedures for the application of the doctrine of notice in this situation. In summary equity fulfils the common law, although it does not endeavour to displace it with a moral code.   There have been setbacks and refinements, over the last 50 years, in the progress of new doctrines relating to the trust, above all when later judges seek to rationalise and consolidate new ideology.   Nonetheless it is apparent that equity remains its traditions, and prevails over the common law in the event of conflict.

The Mayor Of Casterbridge Essay -- essays research papers

Literature: The Mayor of Casterbridge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Can it be said that Henchard's downfall is all due to 'some great error?' Some may believe that it is a penance for selling Susan, but this would be to take Newson out of the equation, who, it must be said, is just as guilty of this act as Henchard. I believe that Henchard is totally blameless for his downfall, to use a bad pun that will become apparent later, it is in his nature. It is my belief that Henchard is a personification of nature. It is obvious that his life has completed a revolution but when you look closely, you can see that Henchard's life resembles the seasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our first image of Henchard is one of winter, his clothing is described as '…a short jacket of brown corduroy…white horn buttons…and a straw hat overlaid with black glazed canvas.'; Black, brown and white conjure images of the countryside in the heart of winter for me. Hechard's life is in a rather bad point but things start looking up when he sells Susan, it is at this point that he moves into spring. We are told little of what happens between Susan's sale and when she comes looking for him but I would say that during this period Henchard passes through spring as he gives up liquor and moves into summer when he becomes mayor. When we next see Henchard he is on the brink of autumn, his progression down through the social strata is very autumnal as his creeps, inch by inch, t...

Work In A Business Environment

For the following unit, you can either write a statement on the criteria listed below or you can make notes and we can have a taped discussion at our next visit:Understand how to respect other people at workDescribe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued Diversity can be different races, heritage, customs, belief systems, physical appearance, mental and physical capabilities. Diversity should be respected and valued as nobody is the same. Our difference can lead to growth and development but also problems as these differences can cause tension in a workplace. Regardless of their background, everyone has a right to their own thoughts and opinions which can be beneficial to the company.Describe how to treat other people in a way that is sensitive to their needs Treat every person the way that you want them to treat you. Observe each individual that you encounter and analyse what needs they may have and try to meet those needs. Physically disabled people need more time t o move around the office area, to treat this person correctly and with respect I would hold doors open and keep walk ways clear.Disabled mentally, anyone of a high mental disability would not be encountered in my area of work but if I did come across someone who clearly needed more help I would do everything I could to try to help and keep the person relaxed. Person of a strong religion, never discriminate against them because of their beliefs or use any offensive language- this is applicable to every person in office and visitor in office.Describe how to treat other people in a way that respects their abilities, background, values, customs and beliefs The best way to be tolerant, open minded person is to always remember that everyone has different ways of doing things and that most of the time there is not just one right way of doing something. People almost always like explaining their own culture and beliefs, so asking them questions are usually a good way of starting a conversat ion.People don’t usually take offense if they can see you are honestly trying to learn about them. The fact that you are interested in the first place means that you are probably already a tolerant person. Most people are uncomfortable about other cultures because they are unfamiliar with them and are made nervous by what they do not know.Describe ways in which it possible to learn from others at work†¢Ask people for information †¢Ask people to show you how to do things †¢Ask people about their beliefs, culture and customs and getting them to explain what they do or believe and why they do so †¢Talk to people a lot †¢Listen to what other people have to say †¢Watch other people to see what they are doing †¢Work with other people and in team/group tasksNow give me an example of a time when you have learnt from someone else at work (this could have been when you first started- did you receive training on your new work role etc) I still learn so mething new as my responsibilities have been change a lot since I have started work in Cold Chain. Every time when new duties come across to me I always try to get as many information as I can from appropriate person and record a notice just in case if I forgot.Understand how to maintain security and confidentiality at work and deal with concernsDescribe the purpose and benefits of maintaining security and confidentiality at work Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on electronic computers and transmitted across networks to other computers. Should confidential information about a business’s customers or finances fall into the hands of a competitor, such a breach of security could lead to a loss of business, law suits and bankruptcy. Protecting confidential information is a business requirement, and in many cases also an ethical and legal requirement.Describe requirements for security and confidentiality in an organisation If an organisation stores a ny information on people its needs to meet  requirements set out in the Data Protection Act. The information should be stored securely whether it is paper based or electronically. The organisation should have an access to information policy. Anyone who has information stored about them has access to it on request and after completing security procedures (all vary depending on organisation). The information should not be given to third parties unless there are criminal implications and the courts demand it, or it is with the consent of the person themselves.In large organisations such as Rolls Royce (Derby) all employees must have their ID badges to gain access to sites; they also have a complex data and computer system to ensure the confidentiality and security of their most sensitive files. Describe legal requirements for security and confidentiality, as required †¢Data Protection Act 1998: The Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA 1998) is an act of the United Kingdom Parliament de fining the ways in which information about living people may be legally used and handled. The main intent is to protect individuals against misuse or abuse of information about them. The DPA was first composed in 1984 and was updated in 1998.†¢ Copyright, Design and Patent Act 1988: The Copyright, Design and Patent Act 1988 is the current UK copyright law. It gives the creators of literacy, dramatic, musical and artistic works the right to control the ways in which their material may be used. The rights cover: broadcast and public performance, copying and adapting, issuing, renting and lending copies to the public. In many cases, the creator will also have the right to be identified as the author and to object to the distorting of their work.Describe procedures for dealing with concerns about security and confidentiality in an organisation †¢Identify potential problems†¢ Identify implications (potential loss) of each problem †¢Determine possible preventative meas ures (and cost of each measure) †¢Assign a risk factor to each problemNow give me an example of a work task that you have completed where you have has to keep the information confidential A company decided to issue laptops to its managerial staff. IT determined that the risk and cost of losing confidential company data stored on the laptops was ‘high’. The solutions  was to ‘move’ the ‘My Documents’ folder from users laptops to the companies servers (in order to access documents when away from the office, you would have to log-in across the internet (VPN)).The directors, being technically illiterate, were incapable of logging into anything- so their laptops were made an exception. So whilst the canteen managers next week menus were safely stored on the companies server, the new product launch plans were revealed to the competition when the inevitable happened and a directors laptop was left in a taxi.Understand the purpose and procedures for keeping waste to a minimum in a business environmentExplain the purpose of keeping waste to a minimumKeeping waste to a minimum in the business environment serves the same purpose as it does everywhere else. It decreases the amount of waste a business contributes to the environment (this can include solid waste, water waste and carbon emissions). Reducing waste is key to minimising an individuals or business’s environmental impact by reducing air and water pollutions and limiting the amount of materials that end up in landfills. Reducing waste can also serve to save business money.By enacting plans that conserve materials, they will inevitably cut down on the amount of materials they need to purchase. Likewise any attempt to reduce carbon emissions inevitably relies on a reduction of energy use, which means less money spent on electricity and fuel. The advantage of applying waste minimising principles in a business environment is that it impacts a larger number of people . Such actions also serve to improve a business’s image.Describe the main causes of waste that may occur in a business environment Can mean wasting time, energy or office equipment.Time = internet, people doing personal tasks, inter-office socialising, not being productive because of poor management directions, lack of knowledge regarding workload and work process. Office supplies = theft, excessive use of printing when not needed, personal use of office equipment by employees, people not proof reading or checking documents for mistakes. Energy = leaving lights and PC’s turned on at night when no one is there, keeping  heat or air conditioning turned too high or low, inefficient use of company vehicles.Describe ways of keeping waste to a minimumKeep the faxes, printers and copiers in good working order so that they produce good copies and don’t ‘eat’ copies and jam. Order good quality paper that is the recommended weight for the office machine. El iminate the conformation page of the fax by changing the settings. Periodically ask everyone to purge their desks of excess pens, stickers, sticky notes and other supplies. Order a reasonable amount of supplies for a shot period so there is not a feeling of oversupply and that usage doesn’t matter. Set expectations that people do not take supplies home with them, or use printers/copiers for excessive amounts. Organise supplies and remove those that are out of date. Request that people ask for supplies from a specific person by a deadline. Turning off equipment and lights will also help reduce waste.Identify ways of using technology to reduce wasteYou can email people instead of writing letters and notes out on paper and leaving them lying around. You could also phone someone instead of writing a letter out to them this is the quickest way of communication as long as the other person answers, this will save you time, ink and paper. If a machine in your office has broken down t hen you could email the person who supplied you with it to come and take it away or you could call them to come and take it away as soon as possible.If your company has a shredder that does all the shredding for you then you could use that to get rid of waste paper, it would also destroy any sensitive and confidential details/information. Sending bills/invoices/statements via email saves paper and ink also saves money that would have been spent on Franking. Some companies will have a purchase order control for ordering stationary, when staff have sent their requests through the orders are checked by a manager who will determine how necessary the orders and can decline orders should they know sufficient supplies are available.Outline the purpose and benefits of recyclingRecycling at work is a great way to increase your business sustainability and help to reduce climate change. Once you start to recycle at work you’ll experience the wide range of benefits that come with making your company a more sustainable and environmentally responsible organisation. †¢ Enhances company image- Engaging in greener business practices and publishing those practises can do wonders for your company image and can attract both employees and customers. †¢ Recycling is easy to do- Recycling at work is straight forward and easy to do. It’s easy to separate out materials to recycle from your other waste, if you get a good system in place its easy to implement and maintain.†¢ Recycling increases customer loyalty- Customers prefer to do business with companies that behave in an environmentally-friendly way. †¢ Recycling often reduces clutter and saves space- Recycling often reduces clutter and improves the working environment. Less clutter also means increased safety around your workplace. †¢ Recycling is great for the environment- Recycling at work helps you reduce the environmental impact of your business. Recycling your waste materials means they can be used again in new products and applications, instead of simply going into landfills where they generate harmful greenhouse gas emissions.†¢ Increases employee morale- Employee satisfaction is the best reason to undertake a recycling scheme. Employees find great pride in working for a company that embodies environmental values and focuses attention on its environmental impact and responsibilities. †¢ Recycling is cost effective- Recycling is a cost effective method of dealing with your waste, simple because is it often cheaper when compared with general waste management and disposal.Describe organisational procedures for recycling materials†¢sensitization †¢collection †¢storage †¢sorting †¢distribution †¢recycling to raw material †¢manufacture †¢marketingNow give me an example of a time when you have recycled at work We using three separate bins for rubbish: paper, plastic, and rest.Understand procedures for disposal of hazardo us materialsDescribe the benefits of procedures for the recycling and disposal of hazardous materials Hazardous waste refuses, recycling and reclamation can avoid environmental hazards, protect scarce natural resources, provide economic benefits and reduce the nation’s reliance on raw materials and energy. †¢ Environmental benefits- Recycling hazardous waste reduced the consumption of raw materials by reducing the volume of waste materials that must be treated and disposed of. Recycling hazardous waste can mean less air, water and soil pollution associated with the extraction, refining and processing of raw materials, recycling can also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.When hazardous wastes are recycled, less energy is needed to extract, transport and process raw materials and manufacture products. When energy demands decreases fewer fossil fuels are burned and less carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. Emissions of other air pollutants can be reduced too, a s recycling hazardous wastes can decrease release of air toxics from waste incineration. †¢ Economic benefits- Not only can hazardous waste recycling be good for the environment it can also be good for the bottom line. Recycling hazardous waste can increase production efficiency and reduce costs associated with purchasing raw materials and waste management.By recycling hazardous materials a business may be able to eliminate the generation of hazardous waste. A business may also benefit from the positive or ‘green’ image associated with hazardous waste recycling efforts. For example, a company who values strong corporate stewardship can increase good will with shareholders and consumers and further distinguish itself from its competition.Describe organisational procedures for the recycling and disposal of hazardous materials Generally in the UK you have to write a COSHH (Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health) assessment for the disposal of hazardous  materials . There is no one safe method and each substance must be individually assessed. For example, the disposal of a lead-acid battery is different to the disposal of an alkaline battery which again is different to the disposal of a metal hydride rechargeable battery. All these contain toxic compounds that can be recycled.Thus the procedure is to write a COSHH assessment for each substance to be disposed of or recycled. This comprises writing an assessment of the hazards and risks, the safety precautions that are needed, what to do if something goes wrong and how to contain the waste material at the end. For example, something like sulphuric acid can be rendered harmless in its disposal procedure, meaning that the end product can be disposed of by normal means. Other substances may remain hazardous, even after processing, and a special disposal method is needed. Here at UK Waterproofing Solutions Ltd we do not recycle any hazardous materials from the office base, however when out on sites our men deal with the recycling of plastics, bitumen, rubble and asbestos.Know how to support sustainability in an organisationOutline the purpose of improving efficiency and minimising waste The purpose of improving efficiency is so that raw materials can be managed in order to minimise waste and therefore reduce costs. Also, minimising waste can have a positive effect on the environment. One of the most fundamental ways to improve efficiency is to minimise waste, you can do this in three main ways: †¢ Compliance with the Waste Minimisation Act 2008 and any equivalent laws in the countries your business operates. †¢ Voluntary measures: these might include undertaking a waste audit and creating a company waste minimisation policy. †¢ Sharing waste minimisation knowledge with partners in your supply chainDescribe ways of improving own working methods and use of technology to achieve efficiency and reduce waste

A Delicate Issue: Fast Food Essay

Fast food has been steadfastly adored by people throughout the world over the three decades. In the fast food restaurants, customers are always busy getting in line and buying foods on a national scale. Accordingly, employees take orders, and pack various burgers in a flurry. Foods pour in boundlessly, and help-wanted advertisements are constantly attached on one side of a wall. If so, why on earth are people going so wild with enthusiasm over fast food? In fact, several major advantages of fast food products such as hot dogs, hamburgers, pizza, and tacos are convenience, warmth, taste, and accessibility of fast food restaurants. However, Eric Schlosser, the author of Fast Food Nation, is anxious for the riskiness of fast food industry, and he sounds a warning to the nation. In order to grasp the facts of fast food, we need to disclose the basis of his assertions. First, fast food industry is excessively expanding all over the nation. According to a Korean proverb, â€Å"Too much is as bad as too little. See more: Satirical essay about drugs † For example, the McDonald’s Corporation as the most gigantic fast food source of supply makes inroads into small restaurants, and other food industries try to imitate and adopt analogous business ability. Furthermore, in fast food restaurants, there are numerous menus. They have not only burgers and sodas but also foreign dishes such as teriyaki burger, jalapeno burger, and chili bowl. Ultimately, every foreign food restaurant around the fast food restaurants gets a blow. The business ethics are important. It doesn’t matter by law, but it can ethically be a problem. This problem occurs not only in the food service industries but also in agricultural societies. According to Fast Food Nation, â€Å"Family farms are now being replaced by gigantic corporate farms with absentee owners. Rural communities are losing their middle class and becoming socially stratified, divided between a small, wealthy elite and large numbers of the working poor (499). † In this manner, only the industrialized agriculture can survive at this time. Truly, immoderate unevenness of authority corrupts societies. Second, fast foods are relatively unsanitary and have possible effect on genetic health. In Fast Food Nation, Schlosser remarked, â€Å"The meat industry practices that endanger these workers have facilitated the introduction of deadly pathogens, such as E. coli 0157:H7, into America’s hamburger meat, a food aggressively marketed to children. The federal government has the legal authority to recall a defective toaster oven or stuffed animal—but still lacks the power to recall tons of contaminated, potentially lethal meat (499). † Germs especially in meat must be extremely harmful and they can be deadly for our life. Moreover, there are considerable numbers of children customers who like fast foods as a result of various promotions for kids. Since children have much weaker immune system than adults, the germs may lead them to death more easily if the sanitary of fast food doesn’t be improved. Besides, there’s another problem with potatoes. Frozen French fries made from genetically engineered potatoes had been used in McDonald’s for a long time. Most people don’t believe the safety of genetically modified organism. As a matter of fact, GMO is unnatural, and it may bring genetic disease such as an allergic disease occurred from the accident of Brazil nut. In the spring of 2000, fortunately, McDonald’s informed it would no longer purchase those, but how would it guarantee the safety against possible danger of GMO from now on? Truly, fast food corporations are required to have responsibility and business ethics about the nation’s health and safety. Third, working conditions are deteriorated in fast food restaurants. According to Fast Food Nation, â€Å"While a handful of workers manage to rise up the corporate ladder, the vast majority lack full-time employment, receive no benefits, learn few skills, exercise little control over their workplace, quit after a few months, and float from job to job. The restaurant industry is now America’s largest private employer, and it pays some of the lowest wages. The roughly 3. 5 million fast food workers are by far the largest group of minimum wage earners in the United States (497). † Even now, the websites such as Google and Yahoo are overflowing with complaints about poor working conditions in McDonald’s. For example, they continuously hold out for a pay increase, but the situation remains unchanged. In fact, there is a big possibility for unhealthful foods and unfriendliness to customers unless the dissatisfaction of employees doesn’t die down. In the long run, fast food corporations might undergo the severe hardships with employments and merchandising goods. Of course, McDonald’s do charitable works, but those cannot be the fundamental solution. Uncountable people think fast food corporations are able to make much more profit if they show the strong credibility. Improving working conditions is a problem awaiting urgent solution. Overall, there are numerous issues of fast food corporations. Truly, few restaurants such as McDonald’s and Burger King can have both enormous scale and authority in the world. Therefore, they are required to have a lot more business ethics. Moreover, customers should be concerned about and stimulate fast food corporations ceaselessly and strongly. There are a large number of people who are expecting radical changes. Measures to stabilize the people’s distrust and dissatisfaction are urgently needed.

Spar Applied Systems (A): Organizational Change and Team Management

Everybody is familiar with the cliche that the only constant in this world is change. In today’s fast-evolving environment, people attempt to manage change in their everyday lives, seeing its potential and enormous benefits. For business organizations managing change has become an important strategy to achieve competitive advantage and to position oneself on top of the competition. One of the critical success factors in managing organizational change is teambuilding.In the case study â€Å"Spar Applied Systems (A)†, Laura Erskine covers the issue of teambuilding, employee participation, organizational change and change management. Specifically, Erskine presents the dilemma of Stephen Miller, Spar Applied Systems General Manager, who is confronting a major project overrun. The team began working on their project in 1994. After two years, however, in their presentation of the projected budget and schedule to the executives, Miller was amazed to know that there was a poten tial $1 million overspend in order to satisfy their contract.Originally, the budget was $3. 5 million, $2. 5 million of which was shouldered by the company. When Miller questioned the team members during the presentation about the overrun and overspend, he was surprised that the team could not respond. The case study first tackles the organizational change initiatives and management at Spar Applied Systems. In 1992, Jason Rigney led the successful merging of Spar Defense and Leigh Instruments. Through his leadership, contracts were stabilized and Applied Systems was founded.However, the environment was beginning to become more and more competitive, and the competition came from large-scale, highly flexible, and vertical integrated firms who had gone global. When Miller joined the Applied Systems Groups, he was greeted by a hierarchical organization, people with precise position descriptions, and activities directed at completing programs on a â€Å"cost-plus† basis. As a chan ge facilitator, Miller wanted to: (1) dramatically change ASG culture, (2) facilitate the division to make money for more than six consecutive months, and (3) design and implement a global long-term strategy.Miller clearly approached his strategies using the transformational change framework. Basically, transformational change occurs unambiguously at the level of the organization. Transformational change is usually considered as a subset of strategic change. It can be argued that transformational change is a particular form of strategic change and radical in its impact. It involves a complete rethinking of how the organization is structured and managed, and a rejection of the norms and practices of the larger environment in which the organization operates.In such change, instead of conforming to procedures practices defined by prevailing rationalized concepts of organizational work and institutionalized in society, the organization redefines itself independently of those policies an d procedures. However, while Miller’s management of the organizational change had provided enormous benefits to Applied Systems, many employees left the organization; and those who stayed did not fully endorse the new structures and systems. The new organization is also characterized partly by resistance.This failure is reflected in the relationships within the Avionics 2000 Integrated Program Team (IPT). For example, IPT members had difficulty going along with their leader, Mike Ellis. Team members were also having problems in participating in team skills training sessions. Many of them preferred the old system.In addition, they found planning and scheduling activities very challenging. In general, the case study suggests that the organizational change at Applied Systems failed to transform the organizational culture, as evidenced by people who do not fully support (some others resist) the new system and structure.The case study provides important insights how to effectively manage change, engage people, build a team, and carry out a project. In the end, Miller might want to change the IPT leadership. What the team needs to complete the project is a competent, transparent, and prepared leadership Reference Erskine, L. (2002). â€Å"Spar Applied Systems (A)†. In G. H. Seijts (ed. ), Cases in Organizational Behavior, pp. 132-142. New York: Sage.